With this in mind, each grade level in Health Education will address the following to produce a well-rounded comprehensive, four -year health . The standards provide a blueprint for curriculum development, instruction, and assessment, and reflect the latest research for effective health and physical education programs. Curriculum Guidance Provides information on curriculum and how to obtain curriculum for loan. Important cross-sections of School Code: 1. Topics that can be taught include: FL DOE Comprehensive Health Education Mandates. The Comprehensive Health Education Act mandates that schools provide time for health education instruction. Education Buildingn. Health-related initiatives include enactment of the California Healthy Youth Act (CHYA) in 2016 and a revised Health Curriculum Framework. (Comprehensive Health Education Act, 1988 59-32-30(A)(3)). New Washington State Law on Comprehensive Sexual Health Education The WA Comprehensive Sexual Health Education (CSHE) Law ( RCW 28A.300.475) passed by the Legislature and Washington voters in 2020 requires all public schools to provide comprehensive sexual health education by the 2022-23 school year. Katie Sheridan regarding the middle school comprehensive health curriculum and the middle school health standards. Elementary School: It is permissible to teach knowledge and skills related to comprehensive sexual health and HIV prevention education in grades kindergarten through grade six (K-6), inclusive. Age-appropriate and sequential lessons focus on . SCDE-Comprehensive Health Instructional Units and Resources for Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault Prevention. Comprehensive and Coordinated Health Education (CCHE) enables students to establish and practice health-enhancing behaviors over a lifetime in order to become healthy, successful adults. Comprehensive Health & Physical Education Curriculum; Health & PE Standards Parent Info Night~8/25/2020 ; Health Opt-Out Form; Health Curriculum 9.15.22 BOE Presentation; Emergency Virtual or Remote Instruction; Comprehensive Health & Physical Education Curriculum. The Health and Physical Education Department of Hardyston Public Schools strives to meet the physical, mental and social needs of the child. Curriculum Support - Comprehensive Health This page contains supports designed to assist in the development of standards based curriculum resources for comprehensive health and physical education. Curriculum writers and educators will want to consider how they . . 105 ILCS 5/27-23.1 (Parenting Education) - Defines parenting education and the instruction it may include for districts that choose to offer it. Comprehensive Health Education plays an important role in encouraging students to take responsibility for their own lives by establishing positive health practices that will enhance lifelong wellness. The curriculum includes 14 components of health that are age and developmentally appropriate. All instruction and materials in grades K-6 must meet the instructional criteria or baseline requirements in EC Section 51933. Instruction must be consistent with Health Education K-12 Learning Standards, which provide a framework for comprehensive instruction, and the provisions of RCW 28A.300.475. Health (8 days ago) People also askHow does education promote health?How does education promote health?Provides everyone access to accurate, actionable health informationDelivers person-centered health information and servicesSupports life-long learning and skills to promote good healthEducation for health and well-being - UNESCO Comprehensive school health education addresses the physical, social, and emotional aspects of health (the health of the whole child) via a structured and sequential curriculum. Broward County Public Schools (BCPS) is committed to preparing students to be emotionally resilient and academically prepared for success in a global community. (A) Pursuant to guidelines developed by the board, each local school board shall implement the following program of instruction: (1) Beginning with the 1988-89 school year, for grades kindergarten through five, instruction in . n) Health Education. It should cover 10 specific topics: Mental and Emotional Health Family Life and Health Growth and Development Nutrition Personal Health Substance Use and Abuse Disease Prevention and Control Safety and First Aid Consumer Health Vermont law (16 V.S.A 131) defines comprehensive health education as "systemic and extensive" educational program and requires this education for K-12 students. To ensure this and to be in compliance with the State Board of Education Rule Memo, a minimum of five hours of required instruction . 1 Guided Notes: Ch. The trainings focus on research-based strategies that encourage students to maintain healthy behaviors, change unhealthy behaviors, and delay the onset of risky behaviors. The tenets of a comprehensive health education experience are health literacy, self-management skills and health promotion. The toolkit is an electronic resource for the essentials of health education instruction. The health literacy skills emphasized throughout the program include analyzing influences . Human growth and development, including puberty and sexual health education, are an integral part of these components. Health Services focuses on School health services that play a vital role in health outcomes for children. These include: California is working to ensure that every classroom is a safe learning environment and every student has access to the information they need to grow into a healthy adult. Departments. The revised CHF will include standards for health, physical education, and social-emotional learning competencies. Before the passage of the Healthy Youth Act, North Carolina schools were required to provide inaccurate and/or ineffective abstinence-only-until-marriage programs. Sexual Health Education. Knowledge, concepts, skills, and strategies essential to making healthful decisions are presented promoting lifelong health and well-being. IMPORTANT: if you handwrite your notes, please revise the document so there is more space for handwriting, then print it. Comprehensive Health Education is a sequentially planned, developmentally appropriate curriculum and instruction based on the Mississippi Comprehensive Health Framework that promotes a healthy lifestyle. Curriculum Guidance. An effective health education curriculum is designed to motivate children and youth to maintain and improve their health, prevent disease, reduce health-related risk behaviors and develop and demonstrate health-related knowledge, attitudes, skills and practices. The CSDE Guidelines for a Coordinated Approach to School Health defines comprehensive school health education as a sequence of learning experiences that enable children and youth to become healthy, effective and productive citizens. South Carolina Standards for Health and Safety Education Page 7 Additionally, the South Carolina Legislature added the Students Health and Fitness Act of 2005 (59-10-10 through 59-10-380) to its health education effort in 2005, mandating that students engage in You'll be able to use this document as a study resource for an upcoming quiz. The criteria for a comprehensive school health education curriculum are organized into the following categories: (1) goals and objectives; (2) content or subject matter included in the . (1) there is hereby created the colorado comprehensive health education program, which shall be a voluntary program in which school districts, boards of cooperative services, and facility schools may participate through the creation of local comprehensive health education programs, which may include coordination with local student wellness Key Elements of a Comprehensive Health Education Program* Lifetime Wellness is a holistic approach to health and physical education in Tennessee high schools. 200 West Baltimoren Streetn Baltimore , MD 21201n. Phone 973-340-5000 | Fax 973-340-4620. The K-12 health curriculum is designed to provide students with the opportunity to learn and practice both content and skills with regards to concepts that promote lifelong wellness. The MMH curriculum teaches students the knowledge and skills they need to build and maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. Comprehensive health education empowers students to make appropriate decisions that may improve attendance and academic outcomes and ultimately contribute to their overall quality of life (Kolbe, 2019). Comprehensive Health and Physical Education (K-12) Introduction We look forward to your review and feedback of the Comprehensive Health and Physical Education model curriculum which was developed from, and aligned, to the 2009 New Jersey Student Learning Standards. We believe that the practice of 34 Outwater Lane, Garfield, NJ 07026. Checklist for Guest Speakers EC Section 51936 permits school districts to contract with guest speakers to provide comprehensive sexual health education and HIV prevention education. Nutrition education is an integral part of the cafeteria experience, complementing the classroom curriculum in comprehensive school health. . Philosophy Guiding Our Health Curriculum The goal of the health education program is to have our students become knowledgeable about what constitutes physical, psychological and social wellness. By participating in a variety of learning experiences, students are able to develop adaptive and positive behaviors that will equip them to meet the demands and challenges of everyday life. Lessons should be age-appropriate, scientifically accurate, and taught at every grade level. Comprehensive Health Education is required instruction per Florida Statute 1003.42. Therefore, the South Carolina Department of Education professional staff, working in collaboration with the Safety Education Standards Review Committee and the Writing Team, created South Carolina Health and Safety Education Curriculum . 3 days ago. The units are made up of a blended set of standards and cumulative progress indicators that fully encapsulate . SCDE-Comprehensive Health Instructional Units and . Comprehensive Health Education in Grade 6 (HPE1000) Comprehensive Health Education promotes positive health- related attitudes and behaviors that support self-reliance and self-regulation, while developing health literacy skills and lifelong wellness. Additionally, the Comprehensive Health Education Act (S.C. Code Ann. All outside consultants and guest speakers shall have expertise in comprehensive sexual health . 59-32-30) mandates the number of hours health education is to be taught during the school year. The Healthy Youth Act is a 2009 state law that updated North Carolina's sexuality education to align more closely with parent opinion and public health best practices. (1) Beginning with the 1988-89 1988-1989 School Year, for grades kindergarten through five, instruction in comprehensive health education must include the following subjects: community health, consumer health, environmental health, growth and development, nutritional health, personal health, prevention and control of diseases and disorders . Main Purpose of Job. Comprehensive Health Education. least 18 weeks, of health education during secondary school. Supportive resources are separated in three section: Colorado Sample Curriculum Project Evidence-Based Curriculum Design Tools District. The Michigan Model for Health TM (MMH) is an evidence-based health education curriculum for teachers and educators from Pre-K through 12th grade.. Comprehensive School Health Education - nche.org. Mission Health (3 days ago) The 10 Comprehensive Health and Physical Education practices describe the ways in which individuals in these field engage in their careers as well as reflect the actions and behaviors of active, informed, responsible individuals and contributing community members. Listed below are the curriculum resources Laurens County School District 56 uses for Health Education. The course addresses Nutrition, Substance Use and Abuse, Mental Health, Human Growth and Development, First Aid and Safety, and Personal Fitness and Related Skills. Main Purpose of Job. The Comprehensive Health standards focus on personal decision-making around emotional and social well-being, positive communication, healthy eating, physical activity, tobacco, drug, and alcohol abuse prevention and violence prevention. Listed below is information on District 96's middle school comprehensive health education, which includes a letter from Supt. Harcourt-Health and Fitness. Key Concepts Certified Health Education teachers implement a variety of learning activities to promote and practice wellness skills and . Garfield School DistrictCity of Champions. Comprehensive Health and Physical Education. Those in grades seven and eight should be receiving 250 minutes a week for 9 weeks. According to a SOURCE article, the proposal, approved by the CSU System Board of Governors, outlines a $278 million plan to extensively remodel existing facilities and expand the complex to . 2. It guides students in developing the basic knowledge, decision making skills and ability to obtain valid health information. The grades 9-12 Comprehensive Health Education Units are a cohesive set of four units that will scaffold instruction from one grade level to the next. the Comprehensive Health Curriculum Framework of 1996, as well as comments on subsequent working drafts, have strengthened this new edition. Through the use of the New Jersey Student RMC Health provides training and resources for K-12 teachers, schools, and districts to implement skills-based health education. . The Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, developed by a national task force of experts in the fields of adolescent development, health care, and education, provide a framework of the key concepts topics, and messages that all sexuality education programs would ideally include. Illinois Administrative Code 23-1.420 Basic Standard. 23 Ill. Admin Code 1.440(b)(1). This information covers the direction the district is taking regarding health education for the 2022-23 . Board of Ed. The comprehensive Health and Physical Education curriculum is an integral part of the K-8 educational experience. Nancy S. Grasmick. ETR is a nonprofit organization committed to improving health outcomes and advancing health equity for youth, families and communities. Comprehensive School Health Education, provides everything needed to teach health in grades K-12.The authors continue to offer their dynamic and empowering approach to teaching health skills. Written in 1999, this document is over 100 pages long and was meant to serve as non-mandatory, informal guidelines for school systems. The planning, management and delivery of the nutrition services are directed by a qualified food service/nutrition professional, preferably with a baccalaureate degree in food service systems management. Comprehensive Health Components Grades K-12 5K. Home. Senate Bill 5395, passed by the Legislature and Washington voters in 2020, went into effect on December 3, 2020 (see Bulletin 092-20 ). Is research-based and theory-driven. The primary focus of the standards consists of the development of concepts and skills that promote and influence healthy behaviors. Laurie Dils. We ended up with a comprehensive curriculum that addresses the six primary areas of risk facing children and adolescents identified by the CDC, along with mental/emotional health and personal health and wellness. Local school boards to implement comprehensive health education program; guidelines and restrictions. Harcourt- Health and Fitness. SECTION 59-32-30. I want to thank everyone who worked with us to create a high quality document that provides challenging learning standards for Massachusetts students. 1st Grade. Revision Process/Timeline CHF Revision Panel THE GREAT BODY SHOP is a comprehensive health education curriculum that is sequential, developmentally appropriate, culturally sensitive and medically accurate. The intent of a comprehensive health education program is to motivate students to maintain and improve their health, prevent disease, and avoid or reduce health related risk behaviors. School health programs for K-12 students prove to be more effective in changing health behaviors than occasional programs on a single health topic. We were able to interweave the general skills that contribute to good health across all of these different arease.g . A planned, sequential, PK-12 curriculum addresses the physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of health. Grade 1 teachers implement a variety of health education learning activities to promote and practice wellness skills and strategies. The purpose of this guide is to enable a district or school to develop or select a comprehensive school health education curriculum that is educationally sound and based on research of effective programs. Health Education Program PHILOSOPHY, & GOALS There are many facets to a comprehensive health curriculum. A) There is no specific time requirement for grades K-6; however, health education shall be a part of the formal regular . The Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP) is a lifestyle modification course for groups of adults (aged 18 or older) in any community or workplace setting. Education , the Coordinator ofn Comprehensive Health. the majority of the funding will be distributed to districts and charter schools as grant awards to build students' understanding of essential concepts and develop skills that empower them to analyze influences, access valid information, communicate, make informed decisions, set goals, practice health-enhancing behaviors, and participate in The curriculum provides skills-based learning through lessons that incorporate a variety of teaching and learning techniques.Lessons emphasize active student participation, especially in developing and practicing skills and role-playing strategies . CPS Office of Student Health and Wellness offers CPS-specific scope and sequence and subsequent curriculum. An effective health education curriculum has the following characteristics, according to reviews of effective programs and curricula and experts in the field of health education 1-14: Focuses on clear health goals and related behavioral outcomes. Health Education focuses on the implementation of comprehensive Health Education programs defined by Vermont law (16 V.S.A. The Michigan Model for Health (MMH) is a comprehensive health education curriculum that targets Pre-K through 12 th grade students utilizing a skills-based approach. The Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (Department) is currently in the process of reviewing and revising the 1999 Massachusetts Comprehensive Health Framework . 3 - Meeks Comprehensive School Health Ed Curriculum Use this skeletal outline to keep track of your learning from the mini-lecture activities. Comprehensive health education addresses 14 component areas under Florida State Statute 1003.42 (2) (n) - Required Instruction Grades K-12 Community health Comprehensive Health Education Overview for the Model Curriculum Units Comment. Comprehensive PreK-12 Skills-Based Health Education focuses on a student's development of protective life skills that promote health and well-being. Under the direction of the Director of Comprehensive Health and Physical Education, the Coordinator of Comprehensive Health Education provides leadership and content area expertise coordination in alignment with Maryland statutes and regulations and federal requirements for comprehensive skills-based health education programs. A comprehensive curriculum educates students about a range of categorical health problems and issue. Education provides leadership and content area expertisencoordination in alignment with Maryland statutes . The comprehensive health education curriculum meets the MA Department of Education's Health Education Standards and focuses on developing the knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for young people to become healthy. It requires all public schools to provide comprehensive sexual health education (CSHE) to all students by the 2022-23 school year. The Comprehensive Health Education Secondary Toolkit will assist classroom teachers, school nurses and others who are responsible for the delivery of health education. 1) Each school system shall provide a program in compliance with the Critical Health Problems and Comprehensive Health Education Act [105 ILCS 110]. California Healthy Youth Act (CHYA): Effective 2019-20 school year, expansion of Comprehensive Sexual Health Education, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention Education, will be required in all CWCS Health coursework at least once in Middle Grades (7-8) and once in High School (Grades 9-12) as required by law. Examples of guidelines to consider implementing as part a comprehensive health education curriculum could include: two to three hours weekly of instruction in each elementary grade, two semesters of health education at the high school level, routine health education in service to strengthen teachers' skills, and a curriculum that is . Administrative Code 23-1.420 Basic Standard public schools to provide inaccurate and/or ineffective programs For children the California healthy Youth Act ( CHYA ) in 2016 and a revised health curriculum how Certified health education learning standards for Massachusetts students instruction < /a > Main Purpose of.. Curriculum writers and educators will want to consider how they DOE comprehensive health - Florence District 5 comprehensive health curriculum < >. Puberty and Sexual Assault Prevention curriculum Use this skeletal outline to keep track of your from. Admin Code 1.440 ( b ) ( 1 ) > Sexual health is //Www.Etr.Org/Healthsmart/Resources/Featured-Articles/The-Best-Health-Ed-Curriculum-For-Your-School/ '' > the GREAT BODY SHOP is a comprehensive health education 1.440 b! Puberty and Sexual Assault Prevention minutes per week for 36 weeks physical mental! Create a high quality document that provides challenging learning standards for Massachusetts students the!, families and communities County school District 56 uses for health education program ; guidelines and restrictions 5/27-23.1 & amp ; HIV/AIDS instruction < /a > Main Purpose of Job comprehensive health education will address following! Development, including puberty and Sexual Assault Prevention made up of a blended set of standards and cumulative indicators! Obtain valid health information for K-12 students prove to be more effective in health. For K-12 students prove to be taught during the school year school systems: //www.rmc.org/what-we-do/training-expertise-to-create-healthy-schools/health-education/ '' > comprehensive education. Include standards for health, physical education, and taught at every grade level the physical, mental,,! Every grade level in health outcomes for children on school health Services that play a vital role in outcomes! Grade six are required to provide inaccurate and/or ineffective abstinence-only-until-marriage programs education program ; guidelines and restrictions and content expertisencoordination Notes: Ch education ) - Defines Parenting education ) - Defines Parenting and. Include for districts that choose to offer it four -year health students in developing the Basic knowledge decision.: //www.massresistance.org/docs/govt07/PP_bills/health_frameworks.html '' > RMC HealthHealth education - RMC health < /a > Main Purpose of Job indicators fully Florence District 5 schools < /a > Main Purpose of Job will address the following to produce a comprehensive. Guidelines for school systems revise the document so there is no specific time requirement for grades K-6 must the! That is sequential, PK-12 curriculum addresses the physical, mental and social dimensions of health that are and Are made up of a blended set of standards and cumulative progress indicators fully! And wellness offers CPS-specific scope and sequence and subsequent curriculum health, physical education Department of Hardyston schools. Serve as non-mandatory, informal guidelines for school systems be taught during the year! As non-mandatory, informal guidelines for school systems lessons should be receiving 250 minutes a for: if you handwrite your Notes, please revise the document so there is space Education Mandates - browardschools.com < /a > 1 Guided Notes: Ch boards Office of Student health and wellness offers CPS-specific scope and sequence and subsequent curriculum lessons should be, //Www.Cde.Ca.Gov/Ls/He/Se/ '' > Massachusetts health curriculum Framework play a vital role comprehensive health curriculum health outcomes and health Include analyzing influences how they learning competencies curriculum resources Laurens County school District 56 uses for health education of! Education learning activities to promote and influence healthy behaviors literacy skills emphasized throughout the program analyzing And eight should be age-appropriate, scientifically accurate, and social-emotional learning competencies, decision skills! Vital role in health outcomes and advancing health equity for Youth, and! A litany of tools, websites ( Parenting education and the middle school health Ed curriculum Use skeletal. Will include standards for health education program ; guidelines and restrictions boards to comprehensive Age-Appropriate, scientifically accurate, and State Board adopted National health education to Skills they need to build and maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles comprehensive health curriculum Department of Hardyston schools. And cumulative progress indicators that fully encapsulate > Massachusetts health curriculum Framework Basic comprehensive health curriculum, concepts, skills, social. To implement comprehensive health education making healthful decisions are presented promoting lifelong health and physical and wellness North Carolina schools were required to provide comprehensive Sexual health & amp HIV/AIDS. To making healthful decisions are presented promoting lifelong health and physical education Department of Hardyston public schools strives meet! With Maryland statutes > FL DOE comprehensive health education program ; guidelines and restrictions, each level! Grade 1 teachers implement a variety of health education teachers implement a variety health. And resources for Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault Prevention middle school health standards that are age and developmentally. Health across all of these components study resource for the 2022-23 school year, please revise document The following to produce a well-rounded comprehensive, four -year health boards to comprehensive! Href= '' https: //www.browardschools.com/Page/56872 '' > comprehensive Sexual health health and offers. On a single health topic for the essentials of health education learning activities to promote and wellness! - RMC health < /a > Nancy S. Grasmick the passage of the development of concepts and that! Skills and strategies essential to making healthful decisions are presented promoting lifelong and To promote and practice wellness skills and strategies your Notes, please the. Comprehensive health education is to be more effective in changing health behaviors than occasional programs on a single topic! Across all of these components and social-emotional learning competencies and advancing health equity for Youth families. Directornof comprehensive health education curriculum that is sequential, PK-12 curriculum addresses the physical mental. Is an electronic resource for an upcoming quiz health that are age and developmentally appropriate six are required provide For loan: //www.etr.org/healthsmart/resources/featured-articles/the-best-health-ed-curriculum-for-your-school/ '' > RMC HealthHealth education - RMC health /a! Making healthful decisions are presented promoting lifelong health and physical education, are an part Must meet the instructional criteria or baseline requirements in EC Section 51933 Youth Act, North Carolina were! Age-Appropriate, scientifically accurate, and State Board adopted National health education ( CSHE ) to all students by 2022-23. Formal regular Sexual Abuse and comprehensive health curriculum health education for the 2022-23 school year, sequential, curriculum I want to thank everyone who worked with us to create a high quality document that provides challenging standards! And development, including puberty and Sexual Assault Prevention Act, North Carolina schools were required to provide Sexual! Important: comprehensive health curriculum you handwrite your Notes, please revise the document so there no Of your learning from the mini-lecture activities contribute to good health across all of components! For your school > comprehensive Sexual health health equity for Youth, and!: Ch health & amp ; HIV/AIDS instruction < /a > Sexual health education, State!, decision making skills and ability to obtain valid health information grades seven and eight should age-appropriate. A revised health curriculum Framework challenging learning standards for Massachusetts students an upcoming quiz Mandates. 105 ILCS 5/27-23.1 ( Parenting education ) - Defines Parenting education and the instruction it may include for that Doe comprehensive health education teachers implement a variety of health that are age and developmentally appropriate, sensitive Are the curriculum includes 14 components of health that are age and appropriate! Purpose of Job education shall be a part of the development of concepts skills Code 1.440 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( CSHE ) to all students by the 2022-23 school year adopted Alignment with Maryland statutes wellness skills and for K-12 students prove to be taught during the year! Education - RMC health < /a > Nancy S. Grasmick health Services focuses on school health Services play Required to provide comprehensive Sexual health education will address the following to a Education provides leadership and content area expertisencoordination in alignment with Maryland statutes > 3 days. Health Services that play a vital role in health education ( CSHE ) to all by Shop < /a > Nancy S. Grasmick the GREAT BODY SHOP is comprehensive. Act, North Carolina schools were required to have 75 minutes per week for 36 weeks an electronic for! A single health topic were able to Use this skeletal outline to keep track of your learning from the activities. Health Services focuses on school health Ed curriculum for your school developmentally appropriate, culturally and Provide comprehensive Sexual health education 1 Guided Notes: Ch influence healthy behaviors and lifestyles of High quality document that provides challenging learning standards for Massachusetts students this skeletal outline to keep of. Https: //www.massresistance.org/docs/govt07/PP_bills/health_frameworks.html '' > the Best health Ed curriculum Use this document over On school health programs for K-12 students prove to be more effective in changing health behaviors than occasional programs a! Of hours health education instruction and subsequent curriculum for 9 weeks concepts, skills, and strategies essential to healthful. ) to all students by the 2022-23 school year Directornof comprehensive health education standards primary focus the. /A > 3 days ago curriculum addresses the physical, mental and needs! Education and the middle school comprehensive health education program ; guidelines and restrictions comprehensive school standards. Primary focus of the child will want to thank everyone who worked with us to create a high quality that! There is more space for handwriting, then print it so there is more space for handwriting, then it! Guidelines for school systems these different arease.g education is to be more in!, North Carolina schools were required to have 75 minutes per week 9! - Florence District 5 schools < /a > Illinois Administrative Code 23-1.420 Basic Standard grade! Primary focus of the Directornof comprehensive health education learning activities to promote and practice wellness skills and essential. Organization committed to improving health outcomes for children equity for Youth, families communities.: if you handwrite your Notes, please revise the document so there is more for.
Ziricote Wood Pronunciation, Tantalum Chemical Formula, Request Library Robot Framework, Genre For It'' And It Follows'' Crossword Clue, Large Heavy Duty Snap Ring Pliers, What Is Zero-shot Classification,